Research Methods in Psychology

Research Methods in Psychology METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY: Research in psychology is conducted in broad accord with the standards of the scientific method, including both qualitative and quantitative statistical modalities to generate and evaluate explanatory hypotheses with regard to psychological phenomena. These methods vary by the sources of information that are drawn on, how that information is sampled, and the types of instruments that are used in data collection. Methods also vary by whether they collect qualitative data, quantitative data or both. American Psychological Association has laid down the following rules and regulations for researches: Informed consent (tell them what this research is about). There should be no harm to the subject. After the research, you must tell the subject about the deception. Types Of Research Methods: Quantitative research Quantitative research is generally associated with the positivist / post positivist epitome. Usually it is to gather and transform the data into digital form so that statistical calculations can be made and conclusions can be drawn. Qualitative research Qualitative research is the method usually associated with the social constructivist epitome that emphasizes the socially constructed nature of reality. This is about recording, analyzing and trying to discover the meaning and importance of human behavior and experience, including conflicting beliefs, behaviors and deepest emotions. Researchers are interested in obtaining a rich and complex understanding of the experience of people and not in gaining information that can be generalized to larger groups. Requirement of Methodology: All methods used for researches should have the basic three qualities, which are: They have to be standardize (it must have a certain norm). They have to be valid (a test should measure what it’s supposed to measure). They have to be reliable. The following are the different types of research methodologies: Case History Method Experimental Research Correlational Research Survey Method Naturalistic Observation CASE HISTORY METHOD: A case study (or case report) is a descriptive, exploratory or explanatory analysis of a person, group or event. An explanatory case study is used to explore causation in order to find underlying principles.Case study is also called life history/Clinical method. Case study is a detailed investigation of a person’s certain or particular behavior. Case study research excels at bringing us to an understanding of a complex issue or object and can extend experience or add strength to what is already known through previous research. Case study is a descriptive method and it consumes a lot of time. In this method, we are going to question subject, family, relatives, teachers and friends. Typically data is gathered from a variety of sources and by using several different methods (e.g. observations interviews). The case study research method originated in clinical medicine (the case history, i.e. the patient’s personal history). The case study method often involves simply observing what happens to, or reconstructing ‘the case history’ of a single participant or group of individuals (such as a school class or a specific social group), i.e. the idiographic approach. Case studies allow a researcher to investigate a topic in far more detail than might be possible if they were trying to deal with a large number of research participants. In Case history, we use the following techniques: Day-Book method (day to day development of a child). In this we will question to child’s pediatrician. Biographical Method. Clinical Method (preventing, diagnosing and treating an individual) Social therapy worker, psychologist and physician are collectively going to make a detailed report about the subject. After that they will conclude if the subject needs psycho-therapy or not. Case studies are widely used in psychology and amongst the best known were the ones carried out by Sigmund Freud. He conducted very detailed investigations into the private lives of his patients in an attempt to both understand and help them overcome their illnesses. Freuds most famous case studies include Little Hans (1909a) and The Rat Man (1909b). Even today case histories are one of the main methods of investigation in abnormal psychology and psychiatry. For students of these disciplines they can give a vivid insight into what those who suffer from mental illness often have to endure. SURVEY METHOD: The survey is a non-experimental, descriptive research method. Surveys can be useful when a researcher wants to collect data on phenomena that cannot be directly observed. A survey is a data collection tool used to gather information about individuals. Surveys are commonly used in psychology research to collect self-report data from study participants. A survey may focus on factual information about individuals, or it might aim to collect the opinions of the survey takers. Survey method is a general evaluation and inspection carried out with specific aim in mind to search for particular kind of information. When you have shortage of time, then you go with survey methodology. First we identify the problem on which we want to carry out a research. Then we make a hypothesis on which our whole research would depend on. Then the questionnaire is made. The questions should be simple and clear, so that the subjects would not have any difficulty to understand the questions. Researchers have to ensure that all the questions are valid and relate to the research topic. After that, you sample the population and analyze the results and then conclusions are made according to the results. So following are the steps in survey method: Identify the problem. Determine what you want to study. Sampling the population. Define the population to be studied. Design the questionnaire. Select a representative sample. Administer the survey. Analyze, conclude and discuss the results. PERSPECTIVES: Psychology is a discipline that asks and answers the fundamental question, why do we behave the way we do and think the way we think? The best way to characterize the different approaches that are taken to answer the question of psychology is to identify them as major perspectives. The major perspectives represent fundamental assumptions that underlie the research questions and methods that are used in order to answer the questions of psychology. Most all perspectives define psychology as the discipline interested in studying human behavior and mental processes, but that covers a lot of ground and the causes of behavior and mental processes are not always clear.So there are six major perspectives to explain a human behavior. 1. Biological perspective: 2. Psychoanalytic perspective: 3. Behavioral Perspective: 4. Humanistic Perspective: This perspective emphasizes on the role of motivation on thought and behavior. Two of the most influential and enduring theories in humanistic psychology that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s are those of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. The humanistic perspective suggests that we are each responsible for our own happiness and well-being as humans. We have the innate (i.e. inborn) capacity for self-actualization which is our unique desire to achieve our highest potential as people. Because of this focus on the person and his or her personal experiences and subjective perception of the world the humanists regarded scientific methods as inappropriate for studying behavior. Humanistic perspective believes that if are determined to change anything you can. Decision making is in your own hand. So this perspective believes in human capacity and positive side of his behavior. 5. Cognitive Perspective: 6. Social cultural Perspective: SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS: When psychology was first established as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The different schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology. The modern history of psychology starts from the school of thoughts. The following are the six major schools of thoughts. 1. Structuralism: 2. Functionalism: 3. Gestalt Psychology: It’s a German school of thought developed by Max Wertheimer, Kohler and Koffka. The word ‘Gestalt’ meaning is ‘form, shape or unified whole’. Gestalt psychology is a school of psychology based upon the idea that we experience things as unified wholes. This approach to psychology began in Germany and Austria during the late 19th century in response to the molecular approach of structuralism. Instead of breaking down thoughts and behavior to their smallest elements, the gestalt psychologists believed that you must look at the whole of experience. According to the gestalt thinkers, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. According to Gestalt psychologists, the human mind works by interpreting data through various laws, rules or organizing principles, turning partial information into a whole. For example, your mind might interpret a series of lines as a square, even though it has no complete lines; your mind fills in the gaps. Gestalt psychotherapists apply this logic to problem-solving to help patients. This school leads to the development of theory of perception. For instance when you perceive something, you perceive as a whole rather than parts of something. 4. Psychodynamic Model: 5. Humanistic Model: Humanistic psychology developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic psychology instead focused on individual free will, personal growth and the concept of self-actualization. While early schools of thought were largely centered on abnormal human behavior, humanistic psychology differed considerably in its emphasis on helping people achieve and fulfill their potential. This school of thought was developed by Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers. Humanistic psychology is basically a positive psychology, which emphasizes on the positive side of your behavior. This particular branch of psychology is centered on helping people living happier, more fulfilling lives. Humanist psychologists teach that to understand psychology, we must look at individuals and their motivations. Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs exemplifies this approach: a system of needs, such as food, love and self-esteem, determines a persons behavior to various extents. Meeting these needs leads to a sense of self-satisfaction and solves psychological problems. 6. Behaviorism: 7. Cognitive Model: Objective: Fill in the blanks: Meaning of word ‘Gestalt’ is: __________(form, shape or unified whole) ____________ is a German school of thought.(Gestalt psychology) ____________ School of thought refers to positive psychology. (Humanistic) _______________ Perspective believes that ‘Decision Making’ is in your own hands. (Humanistic) ______________ School was developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism.(Humanistic) MCQ’s: Which of the following methods will we choose, if we have shortage of time: (Survey Method) Case History Survey Method Experimental Research Which school of thought leads to the development of theory of perception: (Gestalt psychology) Gestalt psychology Functionalism Structuralism Which of the following is a descriptive, non-experimental and less-time consuming method:(Survey Method) Naturalistic Observation Correlation Survey method In which research method, we question from the subject’s pediatrician, therapist, friends and family: (Case Study) Correlation Method Experimental method Case Study Method Who gave the pyramid of ‘hierarchy of need’?(Abraham Maslow) Max Wertheimer Kohler Sigmund Freud Abraham Maslow Match the columns: Unified whole (c)a. Theory of perception Decision Making (e)b. less time consuming Hierarchy of needs is given by (d)c. Gestalt Gestalt Psychology leads to (a)d. Abraham Maslow Survey Methodis (b)e. Humanistic perspective True/False: Gestalt psychology leads to theory of evolution.(False) Case study is a less time consuming research method.(False) Humanistic school was developed by Abraham Maslow.(True) Survey is an experimental method.(False) Humanistic perspective believes in positive psychology.(True)

Flowers, herbs and willows Essay

Also, the fact that Shakespeare did not add any stage directions to the play helps the director portray the protagonists in the light they see fit. This has granted directors the licence to portray Ophelia as either virginal or sexually knowledgeable. Brannagh uses the device of flashbacks to perfectly show his audience that he sees Ophelia as being less than innocent and that she and Hamlet have previously been sexually active. He does this without taking anything away from the script and gets his point across using a dialogue-less scene. However in the most recent silver screen version of Hamlet directed by Michael Almereyda, Ophelia is portrayed as being virginal and innocent as no sexual references appear during the film. This shows how different the character of Ophelia can b portrayed, almost as they were two separate individuals. The lack of stage directions not only makes it simpler for directors to portray her the way they want, but also for the audience, as they don’t have to decide whether she was innocent or not for themselves, but have it done for them. The third interpretation of Ophelia is that if her being sexually active. The scenes in which she goes mad strongly suggest her sexual knowledge comes from her own experiences with Hamlet, as she acts in a sexual manner. The songs she sings during her madness are also of a sexual nature, which further points to her being sexually active. There is evidence of sexual activity in Branagh’s production, during the previously mentioned flashback scenes. Richard Corum also supports the view that she was sexually active, however Shakespeare never states whether she was a virgin or not Her conversation with Hamlet in act3 scene2 strongly suggest that she and hamlet have had sexual relations, â€Å"you are keen, my lord, you are keen†. The keenness may be that of his sexual lust and she teases him by pointing it out. However much this may point towards the idea that they both have had sexual relations, Shakespeare still never specifically says whether she is a virgin or not. Richard Corum investigates the symbolism and significance of the â€Å"flowers, herbs and willows, † that Ophelia talks off in chapter nine. Corum implies that through the flower imagery that Ophelia uses, it is undoubtedly obvious that she is not innocent. The flowers symbolize Ophelia’s wishes to regain her lost purity and to once again become an ‘innocent flower’. The â€Å"fennel† that is mentioned represents the â€Å"fickleness of love†. Folklore of the time also suggests that fennel and rue were â€Å"abortion-inducing agents†. The willow which Ophelia was holding when she was found dead, was also thought to hold the same properties, which means that Ophelia attempted to abort a pregnancy before the died. Furthermore, the term â€Å"flowers† was used at the time as a term for menstruation, which suggests that Ophelia’s â€Å"interest in rosemary† was a way of her trying to tell herself that her menstruation cycle continued as is normal, meaning she was trying to convincer herself that she was not pregnant. Corum also states that rue supposedly made men impotent and that in handing it to Hamlet, Ophelia was trying to prevent a â€Å"situation that is now perhaps unpreventable† Corum’s examination of the flowers in Act 4, Scene 5, seems to be viable. This is mainly due to his study being based on folklore that existed in Shakespearean times. The ideas themselves are plausible as they clearly fit into the character of Ophelia and can be related credibly to her apparent affair with Hamlet. Instead of outright stating Ophelia’s sexual knowledge Shakespeare uses this symbolism and imagery as subtle undertones to incorporate the idea of her sexual exploits. Shakespeare has always had strong-minded female protagonists in his plays, which means that the assertion that Ophelia is a character of considerable aptitude is not a new phenomenon. Lady Macbeth for example is the driving force behind her husband’s ambition and influenced him to kill the king. Juliet is another astute and determined character despite her young age, her character proves that women can challenge the authority of the men, as she does with her father by marrying Romeo. Taking the conception of Ophelia being a strong minded and autonomous character would by no means be extreme, as the examples I have given surely provide enough evidence that Shakespeare has presented female characters as being of a significant standing.

Samples of an Autism Arugmentive Essay - Is it a Scam?

Samples of an Autism Arugmentive Essay - Is it a Scam? Vital Pieces of Samples of an Autism Arugmentive Essay There's a complete spectrum of symptom that range from mild to serve. In a location similar to this, where the temperatures can become very high, it is a necessity so that you are able to cool off. Top Choices of Samples of an Autism Arugmentive Essay Nevertheless, there are numerous different challenges which come along with autism like autism affects children's emotion and typical improvement. It can also result in emotional trauma at an early age, particularly when there is a poor understanding between the child and the parent. People experiencing autism don't fully develop natural speech to satisfy their communication requirements. There are more than a few reasons that were fronted to account for the autism among children, together with adults. The expression spectrum refers to the broad variation in challenges and strengths possessed by every individual with autism. The other key characteristic that often is related to autism is every time a kid shows stereotyped and repetitive use of language. Additional there are various types of autism from combinations of various environmental in addition to genetic influences. Several techniques and ideas are worked on and developed to help the children afflicted by autism. With planning, you'll be in a position to start with whatever portion of the essay is easiest for you, without having to struggle over the debut, as an example, if you know this part is very difficult for you. A conclusion is, without a doubt, the main portion of the argumentative essay since you can either support the excellent impression or destroy it entirely. Your thesis ought to be relevant so the post can use a structure that's flexible in order to fit in the shoes of the readers. The topic has to be interesting, the topic has to be essential and finally the topic has to be informative. What You Need to Do About Samples of an Autism Arugmentive Essay Before It's Too Late The sad truth is that the range of autistic folks, especially children with autism has substantial proliferation in the recent decades. Autistic children might find it hard communicate their feelings with others also. As an example, find stories about those who have autism. People experiencing autism have problems understanding different people's feelings and thought and so they cannot interpret or predict another individual's actions. The most important function of teaching assistants was to make sure the students remained focused and motivated over the course of a lesson, understand what's being delivered and keep themselves organized. Participation is an additional important step that might help teachers to aid their students better. The whole community should also get involved in helping the children to develop far better. The Samples of an Autism Arugmentive Essay Stories The level of impairment varies from each person. Expert opinion has fronted that the ideal treatment program may encompass a mixture of the various therapies and techniques of treatment. Then you may continue developing the topic in the primary body. Communication problems like speech and language differ depending upon the intellectual and social maturation of the individual. The Hidden Facts on Samples of an Autism Arugmentive Essay 1 principal characteristic is behavioral problems like aggressive or self-injurious behavior. Accor dingly, it's important to comprehend the indications and symptoms of autism, effects as well as the causes of this condition. Several methods on the way in which the disease can be treated include the behavioral interventions that were fronted to be a remedy to the particular symptoms in individuals experiencing autism. Several methods on the way in which the disease can be treated include the behavioral interventions that were fronted to be a remedy to certain symptoms in individuals experiencing autism. It's purely due to changes to brain development that could be influenced by a variety of factors including gene mutations. Most professionals in the health care field agree that the efficacy of the treatment given to an individual with this disorder is related to once the treatment is administered. Strictly speaking, there isn't any medically verified cure for autism though the level of the indicators can be lowered by proper medication and therapy. However, other credible findings have pointed out the chance of the disease to be brought on by a mixture of factors. There isn't any known cure for autism, although medication may help a number of the symptoms in some instances. As much as there has not yet been proven a dose that would take care of the autism disorder completely, as soon as a patient takes treatment seriously, it's been demonstrated to enhance the condition of the patients experiencing the disorder. When a youngster is unable to socialize with different children it might just expose the iceberg to autism disorder.

Beliefs and Actions of the Late Medieval Church Essay

The period, 1300 to 1500 was the time period of the crisis in Christianity. In the Medieval church, there were issues with the papacy, clergy and Christian followers. Obviously, this crisis led European Christianity to weaken and even risk the danger of everything falling apart. In fact, the crisis began from one cause, wealth over faith and smaller (more specific) problems revolved around the one common problem. In the late medieval period, there was one big factor causing all the troubles between the church and the society, money. The popes were using the money to decorate the church. They hired architect and painters to renovate the church. They had wealth and they used the wealth in order to satisfy their needs. By the time the†¦show more content†¦Moreover, the citizens and the Christians weren’t the only ones who felt that the papacy was a disaster. The government also had problems. In fact, anyone who could’ve used the money spent on the churches had issues regarding these actions of popes. Once, these people got their hands on the matter, they responded negatively. Towards the end of the Late Medieval period, Martin Luther started the Protestant Reformation. With the proclamation, he started building new churches and decorating them. This reformation was number one factor that ended the unity of the Western Church. To secular rules, reformation was a chance to e xpand their wealth, however, it was also influencing the church, dividing it into North Protestant and South Catholic groups. The people were frustrated of the fact that all the money was used on the churches. Surely, they also had belief related matters, but what concerned them the most was the fact that all these precious money was used on holy – spiritual places. The money is all from the people. The people believed the God and Christianity through their minds and hearts. However, this did the popes no good. The popes felt that the real activities and physical practices would earn them profit. At the time, all Christians were afraid of purgatory, the cleaning of the body before going to heaven. This fear increased the use of indulgences and acts to help the family members and themselves get out Purgatory. Also, as peopleShow MoreRelatedWorship in the Western Church Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pagesgive them. The church desperately needs to recover from the consumer mentality. In the Western Church worship has gone through several major upheavals and dramatic changes. In the Eastern Church there has been considerably less change. The Orthodox liturgy looks much the same as it did a thousand years ago. In part 2 of this paper I will try and track the history of worship in the Western Church. II. A brief history of worship. A. 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